Original Article

 

Topical Use of Cyclosporine in the Treatment of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis

 

Tahir Masaud Arbab, Manzoor A Mirza

 

Pak J Ophthalmol 2011, Vol. 27 No. 3

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . .

See end of article for

authors affiliations

 

…..………………………..

 

Correspondence to:

Tahir Masaud Arbab

Zamzama Medical Centre,

Plot No 144, 7th Neelum lane, 3rd Zamzama street,

Opp. Zamzama Park, Defence Housing Society, Phase V

Karachi

 

 

 

Submission of paper

August’ 2010

 

 

 

 

Acceptance for publication

September’ 2011

…..………………………..

Purpose: To study the efficacy and safety of topical 2% cyclosporine in patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis.

Material and Methods: This is a placebo-controlled, clinical trial to evaluate the effects of topical 2% cyclosporine on patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Twelve patients were placed in the cyclosporine treatment group and eight patients were placed in the placebo group.  All patients had a wash out period of one week in which they were advised not to instill any eye drop. After this period, patients underwent a detailed ophthalmic examination with specific note being made of itching, tearing, photophobia, mucous discharge and foreign body sensation. Specific signs looked for on slit lamp biomicroscopic examination included conjunctival hyperemia, punctuate keratitis, trantas dots, limbal edema and papillae.

Patients were assigned at random to one of the study groups, either cyclosporine 2% eye drops or placebo eye drops administered four times daily to the both eyes.

Patients were examined weekly for a total follow-up period of 6 weeks.

Results: There were 18 males and 2 females in the study. Patients had mean age of 11.6 years (range 7 to 19 years). There was a statistically significant decrease in symptoms and in the conjunctival hyperemia, punctate keratitis, and Trantas dots in the group of patients treated with cyclosporine. No adverse effects were noted in the cyclosporine treated group.

Conclusion: Topical cyclosporine appears to be safe and effective for treatment of vernal keratoconjunctivitis.

 

Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is a chronic allergic conjunctivitis. The disease is usually bilateral and is more common among males. The signs and symptoms of VKC usually occur from April to August, although some patients have a perennial form of the disease1. The spectrum of disease differs in tropical and temperate countries2. The reported risk of visual loss is generally greater in tropical countries, which is about 10%3,4.

The precise immunopathogenic mechanism is unknown but is thought to be more complex than a simple type 1 hypersensitivity reaction. The trophic changes are due to enhanced fibroblast proliferation and collagen deposition in epithelium and substantia propria caused by eosinophil and mast cell de-granulation5. Therapy for VKC includes the use of topical vasoconstrictors, antihistamines, inhibitors of mast cell degranulation and Corticosteroids. The most effective treatment for VKC is topical Corticosteroids, but it carries considerable risk of complications. Corneal morbidity along with steroid related complications may lead to permanent visual impairment. Therefore there is need for an alternative, effective, safe drug that can decrease the morbidity from this potentially blinding disease.

Cyclosporine is a non steroidal immunomodu-lating agent, which has been used widely in the treatment of such ocular inflammatory conditions as noninfectious, corticosteroid resistant, sight threa-tening uveitis and corneal graft rejection.

Cyclosporine can selectively suppress a variety of T lymphocyte function and has a unique ability to selectively suppress the synthesis and production of Interleukin 26-8.

In experimental animals, cyclosporine has been shown to suppress IgE production in mice by interfering with T cell-dependent mechanism9.

Topical cyclosporine has been used in prevention of corneal graft rejection10 and treatment of ligneous conjunctivitis11. Cyclosporine 2% eye drops has been used successfully in the treatment of patients with severe vernal keratoconjunctivitis12-14.

We used topical cyclosporine in treatment of 20 patients with severe vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Many of the patients were sensitive to high dosages of topical Corticosteroids, with no other drug being effective in controlling their clinical signs and symptoms. The topical use of cyclosporine was assumed to be useful in these patients as a substitute or as a sparing factor for Corticosteroids.

 

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The study was undertaken at Sir Syed Hospital, Karachi, from April 2009 to June 2010. Twenty patients with a history of severe VKC who provided informed consent were included in the study. All cases had been previously treated with a variety of topical drops in the form of mast cell stabilizers, antihistamines, anti-inflammatory drugs and steroids for at least one year before enrollment. Patients with shield ulcer, epithelial defect, associated ocular or systemic diseases; those taking oral medicines were excluded from the study. All patients had a wash out period of one week in which they were advised not to instill any eye drop. Only commercially available saline was given to the patients to be instilled if needed. After this period, patients underwent a detailed ophthalmic examina-tion with specific note being made of itching, tearing, photophobia, mucous discharge and foreign body sensation. Specific signs looked for on slit lamp biomicroscopic examination included conjunctival hyperemia, punctate keratitis, trantas dots, limbal edema and papillae.

Patients were assigned at random to one of the study groups, either cyclosporine 2% eye drops four times daily or placebo eye drops four times daily were administered to both eyes. A weekly record of their symptoms and signs was kept for a period of 6 weeks. All patients had a total follow-up period of 6 weeks.

The grading system was followed for categorizing symptoms and signs of VKC. These were graded on a scale of 0-3 using the method described by Bleik et al14. Patients subjectively graded their symptoms and the questionnaire was completed by the examiner, who also recorded the signs.

 

GRADING OF SYMPTOMS

Symptoms of itching, tearing, photophobia, discharge and foreign body sensation were recorded for a period of 6 weeks. The symptoms were recorded at a scale of 0 indicating no symptoms, 1+ = mild symptoms of discomfort noticed (mostly just noticeable), 2+ = moderate discomfort noticed most of the day but did not interfere with daily routine activities, 3+ = severe symptoms disrupting daily routine activities and patient staying at home most of the time.

 

GRADING OF SIGNS

Conjunctival Signs

Hyperemia was graded as follows: 0 = no evidence of bulbar hyperemia, 1+ = mild bulbar hyperemia, 2+ = moderate bulbar hyperemia, and 3+ = severe bulbar hyperemia.

Upper palpebral conjunctiva was graded as follows: 0 = no papillary hypertrophy of the palpebral conjunctiva, 1+ = mild papillary hypertrophy, 2+ = moderate papillary hypertrophy (edema of the palpebral conjunctiva with hazy view of the deep tarsal vessels), 3+ = severe papillary hypertrophy where the papillary hypertrophy was in more than 50% of the surface.

 

Corneal Signs

Punctate keratitis was graded as follows: 0 = no evidence of punctate keratitis, 1+ = one quadrant of punctate keratitis, 2+ = two quadrants of punctate keratitis, and 3+ = three or more quadrants of punctate keratitis.

 

Limbal Signs

Trantas dots were graded as follows: 0 = no evidence of dots, 1+ = 1 to 2 dots, 2+ = 3 to 4 dots, 3+ = more than 4 dots.

 

Limbal infiltration. Grading for limbal infiltration was as follows: 0 = no evidence of limbal infiltration, 1+ = less than 900 of limbal infiltration, 2+ = less than 1800 of limbal infiltration but more than 900, and 3+ = more than 1800 of limbal infiltration.

 

MEDICATIONS

One treatment regimen consisted of cyclosporine 2% eye drops, and the placebo eye drops. The bottles of cyclosporine and placebo eye drops were labeled appropriately. The cyclosporine used in this study was taken from Agha Khan hospital pharmacy.

 

PATIENT WITHDRAWAL

None of the patients had adverse reactions to the topical medications that required withdrawal of the patient from the study.

 

RESULTS

Age and sex distribution

There were 18 males and 2 females in the study. Patients had mean age of 11.6 years (range 7 to 19 years). Twelve patients were placed in the cyclosporine treatment group and eight patients were placed in the placebo group.

 

SYMPTOMS

Itching: Eleven patients (91.6%) who were administered cyclosporine had decrease in itching, compared with 2 in the control group (25%).

Tearing: Improved in 9 patients (75%) who were administered cyclosporine and 2 of the patients (25%) in the control group.

Photophobia: Ten patients (83%) reported marked improvement in photophobia in the cyclosporine group and no patient (0%) reported any improvement in photophobia in the placebo group.

Discharge: Decreased in 10 patients (83%) who were administered cyclosporine and 2 of the patients (25%) in the control group.

Foreign body sensation: Improved in 10 patients (83%) who were administered cyclosporine and 2 of the patients (25%) in the control group.

 

Conjunctival Signs

Conjunctival hyperemia: Bulbar conjunctival hyperemia improved in 10 of 12 patients (83%) who were administered cyclosporine and 2 out of the 8 patients (25%) in the control group.

Papillary Hypertrophy: Showed no improvement with the use of cyclosporine.

 

Corneal Signs

Punctate Keratitis: Eleven patients (91.6) out of 12 showed improvement with cyclosporine compared to1 of 8 patients (12.5%) treated with topical placebo drops.

 

Limbal Signs

Trantas dots: Showed decrease in number in 9 of 12 patients (75%) treated with cyclosporine compared with 1 of 8 patients (12.5%) in the group treated with placebo.

Limbal infiltration and edema improve in 9 patients (75%) treated with cyclosporine with 2 patients (12.5%) treated with placebo drops.

 

DISCUSSION

Vernal keratoconjunctivitis is a common disorder in our part of the world. Most of the patients show mild systems, usually relieved by over the counter medications. Some patients show severe form of disease that may lead to distress in patient life.

Management of VKC in tropical countries like ours is not easy because of the safety and cost as well as the easy availability of over the counter medicines. Mast cell stabilizers have not shown good results from Middle East and Africa15,16. Topical steroids are effective but unsupervised treatment leads to unsuspected steroid induced glaucoma and cataract17.

Visual loss occurs because of corneal complications from the disease or because of the use and abuse of topical Corticosteroids, which may lead to steroid-induced glaucoma and steroid-induced cataract.

Because the condition eventually resolves, usually after adolescence, the treatment should be conserva-tive and aimed at preventing potential complications.

Continuous search for safe and effective therapy for vernal keratoconjunctivitis is highly desirable.

In this short-term clinical trial, we demonstrated that topical administration of cyclosporine 2% eye drops is a safe and effective therapy for vernal keratoconjunctivitis. It was well tolerated by all of our patients and it is an effective therapeutic modality in controlling the symptoms and signs of both conjunctival tarsal and limbal forms of vernal keratoconjunctivitis. The symptoms responded more readily and in a more substantial way to the treatment.


Table 1. Effect of topical cyclosporine on symptoms in patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis symptoms

S. No

Durg

Sex/Age

Itching

Tearing

Photophobia

Discharge

Foreign Body Sensation

Before

After

Before

After

Before

After

Before

After

Before

After

1

PLA

M (12 Yrs)

3+

2+

3+

3+

3+

3+

2+

3+

1+

2+

2

PLA

F  (9 Yrs

3+

3+

2+

3+

2+

2+

3+

2+

1+

1+

3

CSA

M (8 Yrs)

3+

1+

3+

1+

2+

0

3+

1+

2+

0

4

CSA

M (13 Yrs)

3+

1+

3+

0

3+

0

3+

1+

2+

1+

5

PLA

M (14 Yrs)

3+

3+

2+

2+

2+

3+

2+

3+

1+

1+

6

CSA

M (17 Yrs)

3+

3+

3+

3+

3+

3+

2+

2+

2+

2+

7

PLA

M (8 Yrs)

3+

3+

3+

3+

3+

3+

3+

2+

3+

2+

8

PLA

M (15 Yrs)

3+

1+

3+

1+

2+

2+

3+

3+

3+

0

9

CSA

M (11 Yrs)

3+

1+

3+

1+

3+

1+

0

0

2+

1+

10

CSA

M (11 Yrs)

3+

2+

3+

2+

3+

2+

3+

1+

3+

0

11

CSA

M (9Yrs)

3+

1+

1+

1+

1+

1+

2+

2+

1+

1+

12

PLA

M (12 Yrs)

3+

1+

1+

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

13

CSA

M (13 Yrs)

3+

1+

3+

1+

3+

1+

0

0

0

0

14

CSA

M (14 Yrs)

3+

0

3+

0

3+

0

1+

1+

2+

0

15

PLA

M (7 Yrs)

2+

3+

3+

3+

3+

3+

1+

1+

2+

2+

16

CSA

M (19 Yrs)

3+

1+

3+

2+

2+

2+

3+

1+

2+

0

17

CSA

M (12 Yrs)

3+

0

2+

1+

1+

0

0

0

1+

0

18

PLA

M (11 Yrs)

3+

3+

2+

2+

1+

1+

3+

3+

1+

1+

19

CSA

F (11 Yrs)

3+

2+

2+

2+

2+

1+

1+

0

1+

0

20

CSA

M (7 Yrs)

3+

0

1+

2+

2+

0

3+

0

2+

0

 

CSA = Cyclosporine; PLA = Placebo

Before = Before treatment; After = 6 weeks after initiation of treatment

 

Cyclosporine had a remarkable effect on most of the signs of vernal keratoconjunctivitis. There was decrease in punctate staining of cornea, limbal infiltra-tion and in number of Trantas dots. The number and size of giant papillae were not influenced by the use of topical cyclosporine and showed little change in the relatively short time of our trial, but a decrease in the conjunctival edema and hyperemia was noted in the group of patients treated with topical cyclosporine.

Similarly Jamal Bleik and Khalid Tabbara14 in a placebo-controlled, clinical trial evaluated the effects of topical 2% cyclosporine on patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis for period of 6 weeks. No adverse effects and no detectable levels of cyclosporine were noted in the blood in the cyclosporine treated groups. They reported marked improvement in symptom and signs in patients treated with topical cyclosporine and concluded that topical cyclosporine is safe and effective for the short-term treatment of vernal keratoconjunctivitis.

Ather Jameel et al18 evaluated the effects of topical 2% cyclosporine eye drops in patients with active vernal keratoconjunctivitis. In his study all patients were treated with 2% cyclosporine eye drops for a period of 6 weeks. His results showed a statistically significant improvement in itching, photophobia, mucous discharge, conjunctival hyperemia, punctate keratitis and trantas’ dots after 6 weeks treatment period.

Topical cyclosporine has been, in our patients, an excellent substitute for Corticosteroids. (91.6%) of patients had decrease in itching, 75% and 83% of patients had improvement in tearing and photophobia respectively. 83% of patients showed decreased in discharge.

Table 2. Effect of topical cyclosporine on signs in patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis

Signs

 S. No

Drug

Eye

Conjunctival  Hyperemia

Punctate Keratitis

Trantas Dots

Limbal Edema

Before

After

Before

After

Before

After

Before

After

1

PLA

OS

2+

2+

1+

1+

3+

3+

3+

3+

 

PLA

OD

2+

2+

1+

1+

2+

3+

2+

2+

2

PLA

OS

2+

2+

2+

2+

2+

2+

1+

1+

 

PLA

OD

2+

2+

3+

3+

1+

1+

1+

1+

3

CSA

OS

2+

1+

3+

1+

3+

0

2+

1+

 

CSA

OD

2+

1+

3+

1+

2+

0

2+

1+

4

CSA

OS

2+

1+

2+

0

3+

1+

3+

1+

 

CSA

OD

2+

1+

2+

1+

3+

1+

3+

1+

5

PLA

OS

3+

3+

2+

2+

3+

3+

3+

3+

 

PLA

OD

3+

3+

2+

2+

2+

2+

3+

3+

6

CSA

OS

2+

3+

3+

3+

3+

3+

3+

3+

 

CSA

OD

2+

2+

3+

3+

3+

3+

3+

3+

7

PLA

OS

3+

2+

1+

2+

3+

0

3+

2+

 

PLA

OD

3+

2+

1+

2+

3+

0

3+

2+

8

PLA

OS

3+

2+

3+

3+

3+

3+

3+

2+

 

PLA

OD

3+

2+

3+

2+

3+

3+

3+

2+

9

CSA

OS

3+

2+

1+

0

3+

0

3+

1+

 

CSA

OD

3+

2+

1+

0

0

0

2+

1+

10

CSA

OS

3+

3+

1+

0

0

0

1+

0

 

CSA

OD

3+

3+

1+

0

0

0

1+

0

11

CSA

OS

2+

2+

2+

1+

3+

3+

3+

3+

 

CSA

OD

2+

2+

3+

2+

3+

3+

3+

3+

12

PLA

OS

1+

1+

1+

1+

0

0

2+

1+

 

PLA

OD

1+

1+

2+

1+

0

0

2+

1+

13

CSA

OS

2+

2+

3+

3+

0

0

3+

3+

 

CSA

OD

2+

2+

3+

3+

2+

2+

3+

3+

14

CSA

OS

3+

0

3+

0

3+

0

3+

0

 

CSA

OD

3+

0

3+

0

3+

0

3+

0

15

PLA

OS

1+

3+

3+

3+

0

0

1+

3+

 

PLA

OD

1+

3+

0

3+

0

0

1+

3+

16

CSA

OS

2+

1+

3+

1+

0

0

3+

1+

 

CSA

OD

2+

1+

3+

1+

0

0

3+

1+

17

CSA

OS

3+

0

3+

0

1+

0

2+

0

 

CSA

OD

3+

0

3+

0

3+

0

3+

0

18

PLA

OS

3+

3+

3+

3+

1+

1+

3+

3+

 

PLA

OD

3+

3+

3+

3+

3+

3+

3+

3+

19

CSA

OS

1+

2+

1+

3+

0

0

1+

2+

 

CSA

OD

1+

2+

0

1+

0

0

1+

2+

20

CSA

OS

2+

1+

3+

0

3+

0

3+

0

 

 

OD

2+

1+

3+

0

3+

0

3+

0

CSA = Cyclosporine; PLA = Placebo. Before = Before treatment; After = 6 weeks after initiation of treatment

Bulbar conjunctival hyperemia improved in 83% of patients and 91.6 of patients showed improvement in corneal punctuate keratitis. Trantas dots decreased in 75% patients and there was improvement in limbal infiltration and edema 75% of patients treated with cyclosporine.

Cyclosporine appears to be safe and effective for short-term treatment of vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Literature shows that topical cyclosporine is not absorbed into the systemic circulation in sufficient concentration to reach therapeutic or toxic dosages and therefore is not associated with any systematic side effects. Topical cyclosporine appears to carry none of the serious, sight threatening complications of topical steroids, such as glaucoma, cataract and exacerbation of corneal infection19.

Cyclosporine an immunosuppressive agent, most commonly used in organ transplantation has a selective inhibitory effect on helper T-lymphocytes proliferation and production of interleukin-2. It is therefore inhibitory to many T-Cell dependent inflammatory mechanisms. Cyclosporine also has direct inhibitory effects on eosinophil activation and release of granule proteins and cytokines and both direct and indirect inhibitory effects on mast cell activation, cytokine, and mediator release, which are likely to be important to its role in the treatment of allergic inflammation6-8.

Two types of mast cells have been recognized in humans based on neutral protease composition20 and T-lymphocyte dependency21. The T-lymphocyte-dependent mast cells contain tryptase but not chymase whereas the T-lymphocyte independent mast cells contain both tryptase and chymase22. Patients with active VKC have a significant increase in the T-lymphocyte-dependent mast cells in the epithelial cells of conjunctival biopsy specimens23. The exact mechanism of action of cyclosporin on the mast cell is unknown but it may be postulated that cyclosporin modulates the local IgE production by the B cell via its effects on the T-helper cells and possibly by influencing the T-lymphocyte-dependent mast cells9.

The current cost of cyclosporine may restrict its use to severe form of vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Other topical conservative therapy may be considered for mild forms of the disease. Topical cyclosporine represents an important addition to the therapeutic armamentarium for severe vernal keratoconjunctivitis, which until now was only sensitive to Corticosteroids.

 

Author’s affiliation

Dr. Tahir Masaud Arbab

Sir Syed College of Medical Sciences

Karachi

Prof. Manzoor A Mirza

Sir Syed College of Medical Sciences

Karachi

 

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